A Review on Influence of Climate Change on Agronomic Practices and Crop Adaptation Strategies

Climate change poses significant challenges to global agriculture, threatening food security, livelihoods, and ecosystem sustainability. This review explores the influence of climate change on agronomic practices and the strategies needed for crop adaptation. As rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and increasing frequency of extreme weather events impact crop productivity, there is a growing need for climate-resilient agricultural practices. National and international policies, including climate-smart agriculture (CSA) initiatives and global climate agreements like the Paris Agreement, play a critical role in promoting sustainable agricultural frameworks. Agricultural extension services are crucial in disseminating knowledge and providing technical assistance to farmers, enabling them to adopt adaptive practices such as drought-resistant crop varieties, water conservation, and integrated pest management. Emerging technologies, particularly artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and advanced breeding techniques, are driving innovation in agriculture, offering precise, data-driven solutions for improving climate resilience. AI and ML are being utilized to predict climate impacts, optimize resource use, and provide early warnings for pest and disease outbreaks. In parallel, advanced breeding techniques, including CRISPR-Cas9 and genomic selection, accelerate the development of climate-resilient crops by enabling faster and more precise breeding of traits such as drought and heat tolerance. Long-term monitoring of climate and agronomic changes through remote sensing technologies and climate models provides critical data for understanding climate impacts and refining adaptation strategies. Public-private partnerships are essential for scaling up climate-resilient agriculture by facilitating the mobilization of financial resources and promoting research and development (R&D) collaborations that lead to the development of innovative technologies and climate-smart practices. Additionally, enhancing global collaboration in agricultural research is vital for addressing the diverse impacts of climate change across regions. Overall, a combination of policy support, technological advancements, and coordinated research efforts is crucial for developing effective strategies to ensure the long-term sustainability and resilience of agricultural systems in the face of climate change.