Basic and Technical Considerations on Pond Design and Construction

Fish is one of major sources of dietary protein in Nigeria, as such; private and public fish ponds abound across the country. Fish pond owners across the country face multiple problems such as seepage, ponds overtopped, subsidence, dike crack, reduction and settlement and piping which often results in decline in fish production and loss of investment. Therefore, the problems confronting the farmers must be addressed. To mitigate the problems, pond must be properly designed and constructed. This study assessed the basic and technical parameters needed for adequate pond design and construction. Types of fish pond and its components were included hearting and core; cut-offs; upstream clay blanket; filter blanket; seepage drains; berms and loading berm; upstream and downstream slope protections; and relief well were highlighted. The topography, water source, soils, vegetation and climatology and its important and effects on pond design and construction were examined. This study also examines the parameters needed for safe design and construction. One must keep in mind that the ideal site is not always available. A universal pond design may not be adequate in many situations; therefore, one design is not practically feasible. Deficiencies of the site are often mitigated by making a series of choice of components. Before installing a pond, it is important to remember that no pond will be maintenance free. However, upkeep can be minimized with good design and construction.